Plumbers in the United States earn a median of $63,800 a year, about $30.67 an hour, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ May 2025 survey. For a single filer that works out at roughly $4,450 a month after federal tax, Social Security and Medicare, before any state income tax. But the median hides the two things that actually decide a plumber’s paycheck in America: your license tier and your state’s union strength. The top 10% of plumbers clear $108,000+, and the best-paying state is not California — it is Illinois. This guide breaks down what American plumbers really earn, rung by rung.
The license ladder: apprentice, journeyman, master
Unlike most jobs, plumbing pay in the US climbs a fixed ladder of licenses. An apprentice starts around $32,000–$46,000 — earning while training, with no student debt. A licensed journeyman, able to work independently and pull permits, typically earns $65,000–$95,000. A master plumber — qualified to sign off plans, supervise crews and own a business — commands $85,000–$130,000 on payroll. The full climb takes 6–10 years, and each rung is a guaranteed pay rise: in plumbing, the license matters more than the résumé.
How to get in: the paid apprenticeship
There is no degree requirement and no tuition bill. Most plumbers enter through an apprenticeship lasting four to five years, combining roughly 2,000 hours of paid on-the-job training with 240–300 hours of classroom instruction each year. You are paid from day one, and the rate rises annually as your skills develop — typically starting near $20 an hour.
At the end, you sit your state’s journeyman exam. Pass it and you can pull permits and work unsupervised, which is where the pay jumps sharply. After a few more years and a further exam, the master license lets you sign off plans, supervise crews and legally run your own plumbing business. Union apprenticeships through the United Association (UA) generally pay more during training and cover the classroom costs outright.
Why Illinois beats California: the union effect
Most people assume California or New York pays plumbers the most. The BLS data says otherwise: Illinois leads every state at a median of $99,950, ahead of Oregon ($97,050) and Minnesota ($94,410), while California sits 16th among the states at $72,830. Only Washington, D.C. pays more, at $101,020. The reason is union density — Illinois has some of the strongest plumbers’ unions in America, and union journeymen there routinely out-earn non-union plumbers in pricier states. It is one of the clearest examples in any US trade of collective bargaining showing up directly in the paycheck.
Union vs non-union: what the gap really is
This is the single biggest variable in American plumbing pay, and the headline salary never shows it. Union plumbers — represented mainly by the United Association (UA) — typically earn 20–35% higher base wages than non-union plumbers in the same market. But base pay is only part of it: union agreements add a defined-benefit pension and annuity contributions worth roughly $8–$15 an hour on top, plus employer-paid health insurance and structured annual increases.
Add it all together and total compensation for a union journeyman in a major metro commonly runs $90,000–$130,000. Non-union (merit shop) plumbers earn less in wages, but gain flexibility in scheduling, job selection and geography, and often find it easier to move into self-employment. In right-to-work states like Florida, Texas, Tennessee and Georgia, non-union is the dominant arrangement — and the wage tables reflect it. If you are choosing where to start your career, the union question matters as much as the state.
Plumber salary USA by state
Where you work changes the number dramatically — the gap between the top and bottom states is more than $50,000 a year for the same trade. The table below shows median annual pay from BLS data.
| State | Median annual salary | Median hourly wage | Average annual salary |
|---|---|---|---|
| District of Columbia | $101,020 | $48.57 | $91,200 |
| Illinois | $99,950 | $48.05 | $93,400 |
| Oregon | $97,050 | $46.66 | $98,450 |
| Minnesota | $94,410 | $45.39 | $86,700 |
| Alaska | $93,920 | $45.15 | $90,460 |
| Massachusetts | $93,880 | $45.14 | $90,410 |
| Wisconsin | $81,210 | $39.04 | $84,720 |
| Washington | $81,030 | $38.96 | $88,800 |
| Michigan | $80,190 | $38.56 | $77,250 |
| Montana | $79,960 | $38.44 | $78,190 |
| New Jersey | $78,240 | $37.61 | $92,590 |
| Hawaii | $78,060 | $37.53 | $82,810 |
| New York | $77,490 | $37.26 | $83,790 |
| Connecticut | $77,280 | $37.16 | $75,400 |
| Rhode Island | $76,470 | $36.77 | $81,610 |
| Indiana | $76,320 | $36.69 | $75,660 |
| California | $72,830 | $35.01 | $82,320 |
| Pennsylvania | $68,080 | $32.73 | $77,050 |
| New Hampshire | $66,810 | $32.12 | $66,230 |
| Missouri | $66,790 | $32.11 | $75,010 |
| Maryland | $65,400 | $31.44 | $73,510 |
| Kansas | $65,220 | $31.36 | $71,410 |
| Delaware | $64,720 | $31.11 | $68,110 |
| Kentucky | $64,160 | $30.84 | $68,870 |
| Maine | $64,000 | $30.77 | $66,570 |
| Iowa | $63,890 | $30.72 | $70,030 |
| Louisiana | $63,680 | $30.62 | $62,620 |
| North Dakota | $63,560 | $30.56 | $66,160 |
| Ohio | $63,330 | $30.45 | $69,700 |
| Colorado | $63,240 | $30.40 | $69,090 |
| Wyoming | $62,410 | $30.01 | $61,890 |
| Vermont | $62,170 | $29.89 | $68,980 |
| Arizona | $62,070 | $29.84 | $67,940 |
| Utah | $61,900 | $29.76 | $64,210 |
| Nevada | $61,610 | $29.62 | $71,510 |
| New Mexico | $61,440 | $29.54 | $61,790 |
| Nebraska | $60,970 | $29.31 | $65,710 |
| Virginia | $60,470 | $29.07 | $60,650 |
| Texas | $59,840 | $28.77 | $60,780 |
| Alabama | $58,670 | $28.21 | $57,750 |
| Tennessee | $58,600 | $28.17 | $60,500 |
| Oklahoma | $57,970 | $27.87 | $58,970 |
| Georgia | $57,200 | $27.50 | $58,220 |
| North Carolina | $57,080 | $27.44 | $56,720 |
| West Virginia | $56,980 | $27.39 | $58,780 |
| Mississippi | $55,480 | $26.67 | $56,690 |
| South Carolina | $53,940 | $25.93 | $55,890 |
| Florida | $52,910 | $25.44 | $56,030 |
| Idaho | $52,380 | $25.18 | $58,450 |
| South Dakota | $51,620 | $24.82 | $55,530 |
| Arkansas | $48,660 | $23.39 | $50,640 |
Worth noting: these figures ignore cost of living. A plumber on $48,660 in low-cost Arkansas can have similar real purchasing power to one earning $60,000+ in a high-cost state. But the career ceiling is higher where wages are higher.
Plumber, pipefitter or steamfitter? The pay gap nobody explains
Here is a detail that distorts every plumbing salary table you will read. The BLS groups plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters together under a single occupational code (47-2152) — but they are different jobs with different pay.
Plumbers work on potable water, sanitary drainage and fixtures in homes and light commercial buildings. Pipefitters and steamfitters handle process piping at high pressure and temperature — steam, chilled water, refrigerant, industrial gas, fuel and chemical process lines — in refineries, power plants and pharmaceutical facilities. Pipefitters are far more likely to weld, and industrial pipefitting pays a substantial premium: an industrial pipefitter in Houston can earn roughly 50% more than a residential plumber in the same city, yet both appear in the same BLS figure.
The highest-paid specialty of all is the welder-pipefitter, who holds separately tested welding credentials for code work. If you want the top of this trade, industrial pipefitting with a welding ticket is where it lives.
The self-employed jump
As in most trades, the biggest pay jump is going solo. A self-employed plumber with steady work typically grosses $80,000–$150,000, and established master plumbers running their own small business can exceed $200,000 — though after overhead, insurance and taxes, net take-home usually lands at 40–55% of gross. The trade-off is risk and admin; the reward is owning the customer relationship instead of splitting it with an employer.
What you take home after tax
On the $63,800 median, a single filer keeps roughly $4,450 a month after federal income tax, Social Security and Medicare under 2026 rules. That is the final figure in Texas and Florida, which have no state income tax; in most other states, state tax comes off on top. Overtime is the invisible line on every plumber’s payslip: paid at time and a half, and common during construction peaks and emergency call-out seasons, it commonly adds $8,000 to $20,000+ a year to real earnings. When comparing two plumbing jobs, ask about typical overtime hours before you compare the base salaries.
Is demand for plumbers holding up?
Yes, steadily rather than spectacularly. The BLS projects employment growth of about 4% from 2024 to 2034 — roughly average — with around 44,000 openings every year over the decade. Most of those come from replacing workers who retire or leave the trade, which is the important part: the American plumbing workforce is ageing, and there are not enough apprentices entering to replace them. Add ageing water and waste infrastructure that has to be maintained regardless of the economy, and you get a trade that is close to recession-proof. Plumbing cannot be outsourced or automated — someone has to be under the sink.
Frequently asked questions
How much do plumbers make an hour in the USA?
The national median is $30.67 per hour (BLS, May 2025), with apprentices starting around $18–$22 and experienced journeymen and masters earning $38–$50+ depending on state and union status.
What state pays plumbers the most?
Illinois leads the states with a median of $99,950, followed by Oregon ($97,050) and Minnesota ($94,410); only Washington, D.C. pays more, at $101,020. Strong union representation is a common factor.
Do union plumbers earn more?
Yes — typically 20–35% more in base wages, plus a pension, annuity contributions and employer-paid healthcare. Total compensation for union journeymen in major metros often reaches $90,000–$130,000.
Can plumbers make six figures?
Yes. The top 10% of employed plumbers earn over $108,000, and self-employed master plumbers running their own business commonly exceed that — some passing $200,000.
Is plumbing a good career in the USA?
For a debt-free path to a high income, it is one of the best: the BLS projects roughly 44,000 openings a year through 2034, the work cannot be outsourced, and the license ladder gives a clear, predictable route from $35,000 to six figures.
Plumbing sits comfortably above the national median — see the full picture in our guide to the average salary in the USA, or compare it with what an electrician earns in the USA and what a plumber earns in the UK. For official figures, see the Bureau of Labor Statistics.